{"id":2022,"date":"2022-04-26T10:44:09","date_gmt":"2022-04-26T01:44:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/?p=2022"},"modified":"2024-10-16T13:07:04","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T04:07:04","slug":"blockchain-to-scm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/blockchain-to-scm\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain: a Game Change to Supply Chain Management"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2022\" class=\"elementor elementor-2022\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a59bf3 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"4a59bf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3799cd\" data-id=\"b3799cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16cdb19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16cdb19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Blockchain: a game change to Supply chain management<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea88bd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea88bd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2022\/4\/27<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2bdf5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2bdf5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Author: Chanisara Kajornchaikul<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5ed77a elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"c5ed77a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5329c8e\" data-id=\"5329c8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2c9d4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a2c9d4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/blockchain1-768x615.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2026\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/blockchain1-768x615.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/blockchain1-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/blockchain1-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/blockchain1-1536x1229.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/blockchain1-2048x1639.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aec17e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"6aec17e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__6aec17e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__6aec17e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__6aec17e\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d135ad1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d135ad1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04e3b1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04e3b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over the past few decades, blockchain technology has become a popular word. Even though blockchain has been widely adopted in the financial industry (particularly cryptocurrency such as <span style=\"color: #066aa3;\"><strong>Bitcoin<\/strong><\/span>), however, the practical uses of blockchain in various industries are still in the early stages of development. There are no standards available for blockchain application, but the supply chain management domain holds great promise.<\/p><p>I\u2019m Chanisara, associate DX Consultant at ISOL. Today, I\u2019d guide you to the fundamentals of blockchain, and the potential of this technology to supply chain applications. At the end of this article, I will provide a summary of the main challenge of blockchain to the supply chain industry.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caadb7b eael-tooltip-align-left eael-tooltip-text-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-tooltip\" data-id=\"caadb7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-tooltip.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-tooltip\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-tooltip-content\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-describedby=\"tooltip-text-caadb7b\">Bitcoin<\/span>\n  \t\t\t<span id=\"tooltip-text-caadb7b\" class=\"eael-tooltip-text eael-tooltip-right\" role=\"tooltip\"><p>A digital currency that uses a peer-to-peer network to facilitate payment.<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25f82dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25f82dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Blockchain overview<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4894c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4894c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Firstly, before we go deep down to the application of blockchain. Let me briefly explain the concept of blockchain.<br \/>A traditional or a public blockchain is a decentralized database or public digital ledger that is shared across computer networks or nodes. It is made up of several data blocks that are stored on <span style=\"color: #066aa3;\"><strong>nodes<\/strong><\/span>. While making interaction between parties or a transaction, the valid transaction will be packed in a block.<br \/>After the number of transactions reaches the limit of the block, then they will be broadcasted across every user (nodes) in the network or peer-to-peer (P2P) network. Nodes then will verify and authenticate transactions based on the consensus mechanisms of a majority of the participants in the system [e.g. Proof of work (<span style=\"color: #066aa3;\"><strong>PoW<\/strong><\/span>), proof of stake (<strong><span style=\"color: #066aa3;\">PoS<\/span><\/strong>) etc]. After nodes validate the transaction and reach an agreement, a new block will be added to the existing main blockchain.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fbd740 eael-tooltip-align-left eael-tooltip-text-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-tooltip\" data-id=\"2fbd740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-tooltip.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-tooltip\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-tooltip-content\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-describedby=\"tooltip-text-2fbd740\"><p><strong>Nodes<\/strong><\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<span id=\"tooltip-text-2fbd740\" class=\"eael-tooltip-text eael-tooltip-right\" role=\"tooltip\"><p>Any kind of devices such as computers, laptops, or servers that are participating in the global peer-to-peer network. It has four main functions: sharing information, preserving a copy of confirmed transactions history, validating and authenticating a transaction.<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6db3da eael-tooltip-align-left eael-tooltip-text-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-tooltip\" data-id=\"d6db3da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-tooltip.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-tooltip\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-tooltip-content\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-describedby=\"tooltip-text-d6db3da\"><p><strong>PoW<\/strong><\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<span id=\"tooltip-text-d6db3da\" class=\"eael-tooltip-text eael-tooltip-right\" role=\"tooltip\"><p><strong>Proof of work<\/strong> is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers) that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended.<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac31a4e eael-tooltip-align-left eael-tooltip-text-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-tooltip\" data-id=\"ac31a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-tooltip.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-tooltip\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-tooltip-content\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-describedby=\"tooltip-text-ac31a4e\"><p><strong>PoS<\/strong><\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<span id=\"tooltip-text-ac31a4e\" class=\"eael-tooltip-text eael-tooltip-right\" role=\"tooltip\"><p><strong>Proof of stake<\/strong> is a class of consensus mechanisms for blockchains that work by selecting validators in proportion to their quantity of holdings in the associated cryptocurrency. This is done to avoid the computational cost of PoW scheme.<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f389b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0f389b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"454\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_18-768x454.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2027\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_18-768x454.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_18-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_18.jpg 935w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.1 The working mechanism of a blockchain. [1]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc62b0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc62b0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-412521d\" data-id=\"412521d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f663ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f663ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"> The strength of blockchain in the supply chain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46714e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46714e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Below are the key merits to applying blockchain in supply chain management.<\/p><ol><li>Improve traceability and transparency<\/li><li>Ensure data integrity, security, and authenticity<\/li><li>Smart contract<\/li><li>Respect user\u2019s privacy<\/li><li>Transcend the physical limitations of monetary transactions<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b99d88e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b99d88e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Improve traceability and transparency<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ff113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72ff113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Blockchain can provide an end-to-end, transparent, and tamper-proof history of information, inventory, and cash flows associated with transactions. In fact, many parts of the logistic value chain are still involved with manual processes such as gathering freight bill payment, resolving payment disputes, and securing proofs of delivery. These time-consuming and labor-intensive manual tasks can result in errors and productivity losses, sapping employees&#8217; manpower that could be used to better manage the supply chain. Authenticated digital documents to replace conventional paper documents i.e. letters of credit, bills of lading, insurance policies, invoices, and shipping instructions is an example of blockchain application to address this issue.<br \/>However, industrial IoT and 5G advancements in recent years have made it possible for today&#8217;s supply chain management systems to digitally coordinate every sub-process, from product supply to product delivery.<\/p><p>With the support from blockchain technology, it enables data transparency among stakeholders in the supply chain. Rather than depending on several parties to maintain (and update) their own copies of the same dataset, blockchain technology can provide a single source of truth. Traditionally, it is difficult for a centralized system offered by a third party to interconnect the whole supply chain because a high level of trust is required. However, orders, receipts, payments, and digital assets such as warranties and licenses can be tracked alongside physical asset records by using blockchain over the whole production-to-consumption cycle. As a result, the trust of customers, suppliers, dealers, and retailers is enhanced.<\/p><p>With the advantage of product provenance and traceability, currently, there are some initiative projects attempting to use the blockchain-based system. For example, the Everledger platform [2] develops a blockchain-based platform to establish stronger trust in the diamond trade and supply chain. The platform enables retailers\u2019 greater transparency and visibility to their suppliers by adding compliance, country, and the acknowledgment of mining and polishing events. At a glance, they can examine the whole inventory, sustainability requirements, and diamond compliance. Because of blockchain technology, the platform can support product provenance and enhance fraud detection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c195311 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c195311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"463\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_73-768x463.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2028\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_73-768x463.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_73-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_73-1024x618.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_73.jpg 1189w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.2 Block-chained-based smart manufacturing process. [1]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8148c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8148c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Ensure data integrity, security, and authenticity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5676baa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5676baa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A cryptographic hash function is an algorithm behind the security of blockchain. Traditionally, all records on a blockchain are individually encrypted with an invariant cryptographic signature called a <span style=\"color: #066aa3;\"><strong>hash value<\/strong><\/span>. Since the unique output (called digest) doesn\u2019t provide any correlation between input and output, it is practically infeasible to identify or reverse the actual data from the computation. The digest&#8217;s output will be affected by even the tiniest change in the input. Therefore, hashing functions are commonly used to protect the integrity and immutability of data on the blockchain.<\/p><p>Because of the high security of blockchain, it can provide security to supply chain management solutions, and no one is allowed to modify the data records or misuse the data. As long as hash functions are behind blockchain technology, it is difficult to modify, hack or deceive the digital ledger in their favor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b40341 eael-tooltip-align-left eael-tooltip-text-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-tooltip\" data-id=\"6b40341\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-tooltip.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-tooltip\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-tooltip-content\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-describedby=\"tooltip-text-6b40341\"><p>Hash value<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<span id=\"tooltip-text-6b40341\" class=\"eael-tooltip-text eael-tooltip-right\" role=\"tooltip\"><p>The specific fixed-length value output that uses a mathematical function to transform input data.<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d8984f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8d8984f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2033\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc2.png 375w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc2-300x218.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e22c949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e22c949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">The slight change to input data can change the hash value so extensively from the original input. (<span style=\"color: #066aa3;\"><strong>Avalanche effect<\/strong><\/span>).[3]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e1692a eael-tooltip-align-left eael-tooltip-text-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-tooltip\" data-id=\"3e1692a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-tooltip.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-tooltip\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-tooltip-content\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-describedby=\"tooltip-text-3e1692a\"><p>Avalanche effect<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<span id=\"tooltip-text-3e1692a\" class=\"eael-tooltip-text eael-tooltip-right\" role=\"tooltip\"><p>The desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if the input is changed slightly, the output changes significantly.<\/p><\/span>\n  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e61e7e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e61e7e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Automate transactions with smart contracts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c493139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c493139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The consensus algorithms are behind efficient, fair, real-time, functional, trustworthy, and secure mechanisms of the blockchain. It is a system of rules that determines the legality of contributions made by the blockchain&#8217;s various participants. In another word, a smart contract is an auto-enforced digital contract. When a certain condition or a term of the agreement is met between stakeholders, a blockchain-based application such as a smart contract can execute a transaction automatically and verify that the encoded contract is in accordance with privacy and security.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c41268 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7c41268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"213\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_27.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2029\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_27.png 750w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Imteaj2021_Book_FoundationsOfBlockchain_\u30da\u30fc\u30b8_27-300x85.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.4 Life cycle of a blockchain smart contract. [1]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b52883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b52883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Once one of the parties violates the contract, they will get a penalty mentioned in the smart contract immediately. For example, the deposit of the users who break the contract may automatically be cut. In the case of the supply chain, a smart contract between supplier and customer can be made. When a product is received and meets all requirements, it can automatically transfer the funds from the user to the supplier\u2019s blockchain wallet immediately.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b38749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9b38749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"496\" height=\"564\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc3.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2034\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc3.png 496w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc3-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.5 The function of smart contract in the logistics industry;  Source DHL [5]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb45cd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb45cd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Respect user\u2019s privacy<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c75cae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c75cae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Even though blockchains are public ledgers, they can be designed in a way that allows people to control who can see the information in the blocks. In a blockchain network, there is no third-party entity that is responsible for protecting users&#8217; private data. Instead, one or more addresses are generated for each user to engage and connect with other people to establish communication, make a transaction or sign any contract. As a result, a user\u2019s private information is not public, and it confidentially protects the privacy of the user in the blockchain.<\/p><p>A pseudonym can be provided to users through public blockchains, whereas permissioned and private blockchains can pre-authenticate in advance to enable complete anonymity in the network. As a result, the supply chain can run smoothly, and the other parties to the network are certain that they are working with legitimate participants whose identities are kept private.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0be371f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0be371f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.6-768x396.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2036\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.6-768x396.png 768w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.6-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.6-1024x528.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.6-1536x793.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.6.png 1847w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.6 Blockchain technology has the potential to provide privacy for legitimately verified private transactions.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09033f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"09033f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Transcend the physical limitations of monetary transactions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aefeaff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aefeaff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All of the features and functions of blockchain technology are available regardless of where a user is physically located. Using a decentralized network of blockchain, all legal participants in the supply chain can participate in a freight&#8217;s lifecycle from anywhere. It can increase time efficiency. For example, the regulation and interrelationships of the nations may be involved in the transaction, the payment might take several months to reach its destination through traditional banks. Instead, a worldwide blockchain network can be utilized to conduct digital currency transactions. Therefore, confirmation of transactions and payment fulfillment can speed up to minutes with blockchain technology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d4cc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"67d4cc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.7-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2045\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.7-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.7-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.7-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.7-768x767.png 768w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.7-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/Fig.7.png 1092w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.7 Cryptocurrency is a digital currency that uses blockchain technology to record and secure every transaction. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a7f3d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a7f3d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Challenge in blockchain technology to supply chain industry<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-006fae9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"006fae9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a30d8af\" data-id=\"a30d8af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c49ea4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7c49ea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"337\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc4.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2046\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc4.png 819w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc4-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/bc4-768x316.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Table 1. Supply Chain actors, current limitations faced, and blockchain impact.[6]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-191106d elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"191106d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b6476c\" data-id=\"3b6476c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eabbdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4eabbdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize supply chain management. However, today`s problem is on integrating supply chain management with this technology seamlessly. The supply chain typically consists of many complicated processes; therefore, insightful knowledge of the supply chain and logistics process is important to have full utilization of blockchain.<\/p><p>The supply chain sector is in the early stages of testing this new technology. Many businesses, on the other hand, are eager to get started using blockchain. Among them, there is a Japanese major system integrator who has developed a blockchain-based supply chain management platform where ISOL supported deployment. Since ISOL has specialized in supply chain management, logistics, and the manufacturing industry, we realize that the supply chain in each area has different operation types. Therefore, we help the customer bridge the gap between actual logistic operations and IT systems before considering the option of adopting blockchain technology.<\/p><p>Blockchain cannot be successful if there is no strong business-IT collaboration. Even if it is a powerful technology, it cannot solve every business problem alone without any integrated solutions with robotics, IoT, ML, or AI. Adopting new innovations and rethinking outdated processes in the digital era is the key to unlock new value in logistics. By working together with us, we will provide the groundwork for the supply chain and IT industry.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0db6755 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0db6755\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-00fe23a\" data-id=\"00fe23a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e38ece elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3e38ece\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7ce51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7ce51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efcb0a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efcb0a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>[1] Imteaj, A. and Amini, M. H. (2021) Foundations of Blockchain Theory and Applications.<br \/>[2] A Blockchain Platform for Transparency and Traceability (2021) Everledger. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/everledger.io\/industry-solutions\/diamonds\/\">https:\/\/everledger.io\/industry-solutions\/diamonds\/<\/a> (Accessed: March 5, 2022).<br \/>[3] Wikipedia contributors (2022) Cryptographic hash function, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cryptographic_hash_function&amp;oldid=1077451766.\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cryptographic_hash_function&amp;oldid=1077451766.<\/a><br \/>[4] IPWITHEASE (2021) Hash functions and what they offer for security in cryptography, IP With Ease. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/ipwithease.com\/hash-functions\/\">https:\/\/ipwithease.com\/hash-functions\/ (Accessed: March 15, 2022)<\/a>.<br \/>[5] Heutger, M. (2018) Blockchain in logistics: Perspectives on the upcoming impact of blockchain technology and use cases for the logistics industry, Dhl.com. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhl.com\/content\/dam\/dhl\/global\/core\/documents\/pdf\/glo-core-blockchain-trend-report.pdf\">https:\/\/www.dhl.com\/content\/dam\/dhl\/global\/core\/documents\/pdf\/glo-core-blockchain-trend-report.pdf<\/a> (Accessed: March 10, 2022).<br \/>[6] Litke, A., Anagnostopoulos, D. and Varvarigou, T. (2019) \u201cBlockchains for supply chain management: Architectural elements and challenges towards a global scale deployment,\u201d Logistics, 3(1), p. 5. doi: 10.3390\/logistics3010005.<br \/>[7] Al-Farsi, S., Rathore, M. M. and Bakiras, S. (2021) \u201cSecurity of blockchain-based supply chain management systems: Challenges and opportunities,\u201d Applied sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 11(12), p. 5585. doi: 10.3390\/app11125585.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30285c9 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"30285c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f50ce92\" data-id=\"f50ce92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7994a5 elementor-share-buttons--skin-framed elementor-share-buttons--view-icon-text elementor-share-buttons--shape-square elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"a7994a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFacebook\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_linkedin\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on linkedin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-linkedin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLinkedIn\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on email\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-envelope\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It&#8217;s time to rethink about Supply Chain Management with blockchain technology? Our Associate DX Consultant, Chanisara explores the fundamentals and the potential of blockchain.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2023,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"full-width","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"on","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"off","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"off","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"off","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"off","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,5],"tags":[8],"class_list":["post-2022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all","category-blog","tag-blog","entry","has-media"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2022","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2022"}],"version-history":[{"count":52,"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2022\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2948,"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2022\/revisions\/2948"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2023"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2022"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2022"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innovative-solutions.co.jp\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2022"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}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